Pakistan Journal of Social Research (PJSR) [2710-3129 Print; 2710-3137 Online] run by a registered society “Health Education Research Foundation” and provides a platform to the academicians, researchers, policy makers, practitioners, professionals, and research students for a comprehensive analysis, innovation, transformation, and rigorous debate in the form of high quality empirically and theoretically sound research articles, case studies, review based papers, and book reviews. PJSR encourages the young researchers, scholars and students to get published their scholarly work for the better policy recommendations in resolving the social issues across the world. PJSR welcomes the contributions from the scholars from all regions of the world while focusing any of the domain of social sciences and allied disciplines.
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WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS OF PAKISTAN: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES (2013-2018)
This thesis aims at understanding Women participation in the Politics of Pakistan: Challenges and Opportunities 2013-2018.The aim of this report is usually to acknowledge Female participation in the Politics of Pakistan from the viewpoint of the country's history. Check out the factors which may have changed the perceptions and behaviors of consumers towards female candidates. Analyze the issues experienced by female political representatives (2013-2018) Policy measures to encourage females which help enhance political opportunities. Political females, nonetheless, face challenging situations. The traditional roles of females in the house and outside of it aren't always in line with one another. A Female's gender identity is considered domestic in Pakistan. The patriarchal system makes it hard for females to be involved in politics. Low literacy rate in females, gender discrimination, and stereotypical and conservative thinking of modern society are several reasons behind this phenomenon. Mainstreaming gender in all policy areas can be performed by females in decision-making positions. Based on the research study, girls in Pakistan face hurdles in their political participation due to a male-dominated society. Girls in the Pakistan community were expected to deal with the kids and do household chores. Keywords: Women participation, Politics of Pakistan, consumer perception and behaviour, patriarchy, and modern society, Political Opportunities.
Copyright (c) 2023 Samaira Khalid, Shamaila Khalid, Sana Islam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SILENCE AND RESILIENCE IN BINA SHAH’S SLUM CHILD
This paper investigates the factors contributing to the traumatic experiences of subaltern children in Pakistani Christian society. It delves deep into the painful memories and traumatic encounters of subaltern children within the confines of their homes and communities. The analysis centers on Bina Shah’s Slum Child, where the narrator, Laila, represents the collective psychological struggles of subaltern children. Drawing on Judith Lewis Herman’s concepts, it explores how silence and resilience influence the impact of trauma. Additionally, it employs insights from Shoshana Felman and Dori Laub’s works to examine the testimonial role in fictional narratives. The study concludes that subaltern children often endure trauma, significantly affecting their psychological well-being. Resolution of these inner conflicts requires confronting entrenched fears. Importantly, testimony not only gives a voice to the voiceless but also provides psychological healing. Keywords: Postcolonial Psychology, Subaltern Studies, Trauma and Recovery, Testimony, Pakistani Christian, subaltern children.
Copyright (c) 2023 Shehnaz Rahim, Saiqa Siddiq Danish https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA USERS’ CONSUMPTION PATTERS AMONG MALE AND FEMALE
The increased use of social media has become an international phenomenon. New technology set new trends with the advent of social media and shifted the focus from traditional media to social media. Technology is changing our lives in various ways each decade. One of the major revolutions that are transforming our society and social connections is the use of social media. There was huge increase in social media users in 2021-2022 .This study examines the social media users consumption patterns using the microscope of the Uses and Gratification theory. Data was collected from 350 male and females from university of Sargodha and university of Lahore through self-administered questionnaire. Analysis was made in SPSS v23. Findings indicate that YouTube most used social media site among male and female. Moreover, LinkedIn is the least-used social media platform among them. Furthermore, results show that a significant number of respondents check their social media accounts more than 20 times a day. Majority of male and female spend more than two hours on social media per day. Findings shows that there is correlation between usage of social media and gratification obtained. It’s also investigated that there is no difference in gratification obtained among male and female social media users. Keywords: Social media, Uses and Gratifications, Usage of social media, Gratification obtained by social media.
Copyright (c) 2023 Iram Shehzadi, Abdul Rehman Madni, Ali Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LOSS OF SANITY AND MENTAL BALANCE IN AMBALAVANER SIVANANDAN’S WHEN MEMORY DIES: A POST-COLONIAL ANALYSIS
When Memory Dies (1997) by the Sri Lankan novelist Ambalavaner Sivanandan is a classic among novels written by the South Asian novelists like Kiran Desai, Khalid Hosseini, Mohsin Hamid and Monica Ali. Ambalavaner Sivanandan is a diasporic novelist. He has migrated to England from Sri Lanka. His masterpiece When Memory Dies offers detailed post-colonial critique. It is both about the bitter colonial experience of the then Ceylonese under the colonization of the Great Britain and the bitter experience of subjugation and ethnic discrimination of the liberated Sri Lankans by their own fellow countrymen after the end of the British colonization. The Sri Lankan elite and ruling groups do the mimicry of the past English government and make the life of their own fellow beings miserable. Loss of sanity is one of the significant issues like loss of dreams, loss of honour, loss of homeland, etc. as found in the novel. Loss of sanity and mental balance is the result of miserable experience under the British subjugation and ensuing turbulent and chaotic political situation in Sri Lanka. The loss of relations also becomes the cause of playing havoc with people and rendering them mentally imbalanced and victim to mental traumas. The research study is qualitative and descriptive, which does close reading of the novel as a primary source for multiple time. Secondary data collected through physical and online libraries has assisted in working on the theme of loss of sanity and mental balance.
Copyright (c) 2023 Qazi Ehsan Ahmed, Nazakat Awan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DIGITAL PAKISTAN POLICY: A DOCUMENT OF WORDS OR PLANS FOR IMPLEMENTATION, A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Digital Pakistan Policy is a pivotal stride toward technological progress and innovation. A rigorous comparative analysis is used delving into a multifaceted landscape of Digital Pakistan Policy, shedding light on achievements and hurdles. The legislative reforms, infrastructural enhancement, and innovative initiatives are evidence of the sweeping impact of this policy resulting in E-Commerce and IT Growth. However, persisting gaps, the absence of necessary legislation, and the least focus on skills development require attention. Amidst the ever-changing political milieu, policy stability stands as a cornerstone for sustained progress. This study illuminates a spectrum of untapped potential and success requiring exigency to get the best fruitful result. By comparing the policy against international best practices, this research provides pivotal strategic directions and insight paving the path for shaping the digital journey
Copyright (c) 2023 Babar Ali, Abdus Salam, Waqar Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ETHNO-NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS IN BALUCHISTAN AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON POLITICAL SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN
Post-colonial states has been remained a home to multi ethno lingual and hetero cultural folders. Pakistan is one of the examples, having diversified ethno lingual groupings. It has four provinces and each have a distinct socio, cultural and lingual identity. Currently these Ethno-Nationalist movements have pivotal position in the political life of Baluchistan. The land of Baluchistan has experienced the violent tides of different ethno national and sectarian movements, but communalism in Baluchistan pushes the country toward hot water. Along this, uncountable waves of religious extremism in the region add fuel to fire. Both communalism and religious extremism is proving a thorn in flesh and the major hurdle to strengthen the socio economic political path. The concerned study aims to detect major driving factors that contribute to violent moves and also suggests remedial measures to eradicate yielded crisis. That voices our endeavors to cultivate literacy, harmony, equality, and in short neutralization of ethno national movements. The research concludes that intensity of ethnic rise must be the Centre of our priorities because still the water is in dormant position once it flowed, than it would be an uphill task to bear the aftershocks. This piece is intended to highlight the root cause of ethno nationalism and also the expected nightmare as we had faced in the form of Dhaka’s fall. Keywords: Ethno-nationalism, fragmentation, harmony, regional stability, socio economic political disparities.
Copyright (c) 2023 Zia Ud Din, Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad Jameel Nasir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THEATRE IN THE DIGITAL AGE: CHALLENGES AND AUDIENCE VIEWING EXPERIENCES
A digital native audience may find it more difficult to be captivated by a theatrical performance in the age of technology, yet theater has evolved and survived every technological advancement. The popularity of the plays in Shakespeare's day appears to have been largely dependent on audience behavior, much as it was in the times of Aristophanes and Plautus. In our local Pakistani context, the study investigates whether theater can survive in the present digital media landscape and addresses the key elements that can affect a viewer's decision to see theater in a live setting. A good play, production, and performance are evaluated by audiences who are highly "theatre-literate. Despite the latest developments in technology, there are audiences who are essentially motivated by human interaction and insight, who yearn for the live experience, who appreciate being live in the room with the entertainer and that audience is the reason for the survival of theatre in a digital age. A survey method is utilized to collect data from 200 theater-savvy audiences in order to glean the most pertinent information and enhance the analysis of the information gathered. The results will demonstrate that regular theatergoers choose to attend theater live rather than for free online in order to experience a sense of relationship with the performers and other audience members. The majority of theatergoers said that attending live theater in an era of digital technology was still very much worthwhile. Because theater is a global cultural phenomenon that exists in all societies, the study is important on both a national and international level. Keywords: Theatre, Digital culture, Technology, Audience, Liveness, Brecht Theatre.
Copyright (c) 2023 Shamail Zehra, Kiran Karamat, Niza Qureshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ROLE OF ATTITUDE IN STUDENTS’ CAREER BUILDING
In student career building, attitude plays a vital role in guiding the students and helping them to achieve success through enhancing their individual skill sets. This attitude, in a diverse environment, sets the tone of current and future achievements and successes. Each student has different capabilities and individualistic abilities to study different subjects. Everyone can choose the subjects according to their attitude for their career. There were continuing education centers that mainly organize activities for the society in the fields that have gained importance on the improvement of an individual with a view of career building, improving professional knowledge and skills, achieving new skills, and supplying individual development. The study of these objectives was, to identify the role of attitude in student career building and to analyze the role of attitude in student career building. The purpose of the study was descriptive in nature. The target population of this study was comprised of the public universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The study was delimited to the undergraduate student of public universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The universities were selected randomly. The questionnaire was developed as a tool for data collection from students. Data was collected personally and then analyzed statistically by using mean and standard deviation. The results of this study showed that the role of attitude is important and has a vital role for students’ career-building. Keywords: Attitude, student, career building, youth, skills.
Copyright (c) 2023 Shazia Kauser, Muhammad Ishaq, Sunnam Kausar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP OF MIND SKILLS AND SOCIAL SKILLS WITH AUTISTIC TRAITS AMONG DIAGNOSED CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is considered as a neurodevelopmental clause that characterized by constant difficulties in social, mental, communicational, or repetitive behavior aspects of the child. The children who are diagnosed with this disorder usually report a very heterogeneous rang of symptoms with unstable range of severity. The core purpose of this study was not only highlighting the deficit skills of autistic children but also endeavor to check the possible relationship of these deficit skills with autistic traits of the children. For that purpose, a sample of (N=30) diagnosed children with autism was selected from two autism centre i.e., Autism Resource Centre & Special Need Care Centre in Multan by using the purposive sampling technique. To collect the responses of the autistic children three valid and reliable measures were utilized. The Mind Task Battery was used to check the mind skills of the children; Social Skills Scale (SSS) was applied to check the social competency and Social Responsive Scale (SRS) was administered to check the autistic traits. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS. The results from the collected data revealed that the autistic traits were higher among the children and these traits were significantly correlated with the mind skills of the children. Furthermore, the results reported that the children exhibit frequent repetitive behavior, low level of advance and basic skills and lower level of self-control. Hence, from the results it concluded that there is a dire need to address problems of autistic children and provide some intervention to improve these anomalies. Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Social Skills, Mind Skills, Autistic Traits.
Copyright (c) 2023 Saira Sadiq, Farukh Noor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYZING ISABEL ALLENDE’S THE HOUSE OF SPIRIT: A DISCIPLINARY POWER
This study discusses Isabel Allende’s The House of Spirit in relation to the notion of disciplinary power. The House of the Spirit explores the amalgamation of diverse social groupings and their collective pursuit of dominance. The novel's actions and motifs are influenced by a class system that is characterized by a division into two distinct groups. One group consists of the white, educated elite of European descent who hold positions of power in politics, business, and administration. This qualitative research employs Foucault’s notion of disciplinary power refers to a specific form of power used by those in positions of authority over their subordinates, with the aim of influencing and regulating their behavior according to their own desires. The study concludes that power moves from different institutions to daily life and affects with routine and pattern of life on large scales. It has also discovered that power is common issue and debate of daily life Latin America. There are number of events and incidents in Latin American society portrayed in the selected novel which are changed, molded and regularized on the basis of power. Keywords: disciplinary power, dominance, elites, authority.
Copyright (c) 2023 Abdul Latif Albaz, Kashif Jamil, Manahil Waheed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYZING ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT AND TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD: LITERATURE PROPAGATING PEACE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
The discipline of literature is a productive way of bringing transformation in the society for building peace and achieving human rights. Cockrill, Hall (2018) in Understanding Human Rights through Literature, argues that literature can cultivate a better understanding of Human Rights through critical evaluation of characters, analysis of scenarios, and examination of diverse historical voices. The present study analyzes two novels; Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front and Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird. The former novel reveals characters’ physical and mental trauma during the war as well as the detachment from civilian life whereas the latter propagates human dignity. Through both novels, the study manifests that the aim of literature is turning blood into ink, as says T.S Eliot, for building peace among people and dissenting to war and anti-human practices. This qualitative study implies Fry’s (2007) Beyond War as theoretical framework which argues that human being has no inherited inclination for war and this is a politico-cultural creation. The study demonstrates the role of literature in promoting human rights and peace against war and racism. Keywords: Literature, Human Rights, Peace, Transformation, War, Racism.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ayesha Qayyum , Meenam Mehmood, Azka Iqbal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IDENTIFYING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF LOW ACADEMIC GRADES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AS A MEDIATOR
Considering the psychological factors that significantly associated either positive or negative with student’s academic grades is vital to help the student’s success and persist in higher education. Therefore, this study was carried out to address the psychological correlates of low academic grades among university students. This study also highlighted the mediating role of socio-economic status in relation to psychological correlates (stress, anxiety, and depression) that affect the low level of academic outcomes among university students. For that purpose, a sample of (N=300) students belonging to diversified socio-economic status were selected by using an online G. Power sample calculator. The sample was chosen by using a convenient sampling method. In this study, the psychological correlates were level of stress, anxiety and depression that was measured by using DASS-42 item scale and the current CGPA was considered as student’s level of academic grade. Similarly, self reported socio-economic status was considered as a mediating variable in relation to stress, depression, and anxiety among students. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS. The results of this study revealed that stress, anxiety, and depression were significantly correlated with the low level of academic grades among the students. The findings also showed that the level of socio-economic status of university students plays a significant mediating role in relation to stress, anxiety, and depression. Based on the results, the study suggested minimizing the level of stress, anxiety, and depression to improve the academic grades of the students. Keywords: Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Socio-Economic Status, Mediator.
Copyright (c) 2023 Abida Perveen, Bisma Akhlaq, Sara Sajjad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CONVERSATION ANALYSIS OF PRIME MINISTER IMRAN KHAN’S INTERVIEW WITH VRT CHANNEL JOURNALIST
“Conversation Analysis of Prime Minister Imran Khan’s Interview with VRT Channel Journalist” aims to analyze the conversation of the Prime Minister Imran Khan with VRT Channel Journalist Steve Decraene. This is qualitative research which utilizes the Stephen C. Levinson’s Theory regarding Preference Structure and Adjacency Pairs. The study focuses on identifying preference structures, the pattern of adjacency pairs and the reasons behind using particular structures in the conversation. The findings of this study reveal that the most occurring conversational structures are question-answer pattern of adjacency pair and the preferred responses in the conversation of the Prime Minister. There are eight pairs of question-answer pattern and seven preferred responses out of which five patterns of assessment- agreement pair and two patterns of question-expected answer pair are observed. This study has documented that the preferred responses such as question-answer pattern and assessment- agreement patterns are mostly found in the conversation and the least found pattern is assessment- disagreement pair. These conversational patterns in the Prime Minister Imran Khan’s talk reflect his control, authority and composure in his temperament: clarity and credibility in his views. His utterances have forceful but accommodative tone. Keywords: Conversation Analysis, Preference Structure, Adjacency Pairs, Levinson Theory.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hina Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DISTRESS TOLERANCE, MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AND MARITAL SATISFACTION AMONG MARRIED COUPLES
Distress tolerance is known an ability to deal with unpleasant circumstances and maintain better mental health and congenial interpersonal relations. To explore the role of distress tolerance among married couples, current study focusses to investigate the relationship between distress tolerance, mental health problems and marital satisfaction among married couples. It was hypothesized that 1) Distress tolerance is likely to have a relationship with mental health problems among married couples. 2) Distress tolerance is likely to have relationship with marital satisfaction among married couples. 3) Mental health problems are likely to have a relationship with marital satisfaction among married couples. 4) Distress tolerance is likely to predict mental health problems and marital satisfaction among married couples. A convenient sample of 300 married couples (150 males, 150 females) was taken from different areas of Sialkot. A self-developed demographic sheet was administered along with Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005), Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21 by Lovibond, & Lovibond, 1995) and Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS by Hendrick, S.S, 1988). For data analysis, descriptive analysis, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, and regression model was used. Results showed positive significant relationship between distress tolerance and mental health problems (r=.549**, **p<0.01), negative significant relationship between distress tolerance and marital satisfaction (r= -.437**, **p<0.01) and significant negative relationship was found between mental health problems and marital satisfaction among married couples (r= -.565**, p<.0.01). Further, regression analysis revealed that DT has potential to predict and bring 29% change in MHP, and 18% change in MS. It is also noted that B’s of MHP is positive which means that 1-unit change in DT brings 0.54-unit change in MHP. Further, B’s of MS is negative which shows that as DT increases by 1-unit then MS decreases by -0.43 times. Findings of the current study have implications for future avenues. Keywords: Distress Tolerance, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Marital Satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2023 Umara Rauf, Hamile Fatima, Muazma Mushtaq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MEASURING THE LEVEL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AND ITS IMPACT ON QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG INFERTILE WOMEN IN SOUTH PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
This research study was planned to check the level of psychological distress in relation with the infertility among women. This study also explored the impact of this psychological distress with the level of quality of life among women. In this connection, a sample of (N=284) was approached by using purposive sampling technique. To measure the variables two valid and reliable scales were administered and the collected responses were further analyzed by using SPSS. The results revealed that the infertile women were facing moderate level of psychological distress. Both the level of depression and anxiety were at moderate level among the infertile women. Similarly, the quality of life was lower among infertile women. The analysis also showed that the women with anxiety and depression scored lower quality of life scale. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between psychological distress i.e. depression and anxiety with the level of quality of life among infertile women. On the basis of results, the study concluded that infertile women are suffering from anxiety and depression with lower level of quality of life. Hence, there is a dire need to address this issue and implement some interventions to reduce the level of psychological distress and uplift the quality of life of infertile women in south Punjab, Pakistan. Keywords: Anxiety, Depression, Infertility, Quality of life, Psychological distress.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sarwat Sultana, Masood Nadeem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) AMONG FLOOD VICTIMIZED INDIVIDUALS IN 2022: AN INTERVENTION STUDY
Natural disasters, such as floods, can have devastating effects on the minds of affected populations. In Pakistan, frequent and devastating floods (2022) have resulted in significant challenges in managing the mental health problems of flood victims. This current study aims at screening and management of PTSD symptoms among flood victims in different villages of Rajanpur District. This study completed into two phases. In the first phase, quantitative research was carried out to comprehensively assess the PTSD symptoms of flood victims in different villages of Rajanpur district by using PSS-SR5 scale. The second phase of this study was aimed to heal the symptoms of PTSD by using exposure therapy. In this step, two groups were formed i.e., experimental group and control group. In this phase experimental research was carried to check the effectiveness of intervention. The results from the collected responses before and after therapy were analysed by using SPSS. The outcome results reported a healing effects of exposure therapy among flood victimized individuals by reducing the symptoms of PTSD. The results indicated equal level of PTSD among both genders. This also reported that the level of PTSD was significantly higher among the individuals living in separate family set up, unmarried individuals and having wealthy status. Furthermore, the results revealed a significant observed difference in the level of PTSD in experimental group as compared with control group. Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Flood , Exposure Therapy, Experimental Group, Control Group, Randomization.
Copyright (c) 2023 Nimra, Aqeel Ahmad Khan, Aamir Iqbal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RELATIONSHIP OF SMART PHONE ADDICTION WITH COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONS REGULATION: AN ANALYSIS AMONG PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN
The current study sought to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction and preschoolers' ability to regulate their emotions and cognition. A sample of N=110 preschoolers was selected using the purposive sampling method from the general community of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The current study employed a cross-sectional research approach. Data was gathered using the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Young Children by Kim and Lee (2014) and the cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) kid's version by Garnefski et al. Version 21 of SPSS was used to evaluate the data. The study's hypotheses were tested using frequency distribution, descriptive statistics, bivariate correlation, and regression analysis. The findings indicated that smartphone addiction among preschoolers was high. It was shown that there was a substantial correlation between cognitive emotion management techniques and smartphone addiction. Rumination, positive reappraisal, perspective-taking, refocusing on planning, and positive refocusing were discovered to have a significant negative correlation with cognitive emotion regulation strategies, whereas self-blame, acceptance, catastrophizing, and other blame were discovered to have a significant positive correlation with smartphone addiction. Additionally, especially among preschoolers, smartphone addiction has a considerable impact on cognitive emotion management skills. Keywords: Smartphone Addiction, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies, Preschool children.
Copyright (c) 2023 Aftab Hussain, Ahmed Ikram, Saima Aafreen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RELATIONSHIP OF ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS WITH QUALITY OF LIFE: A SURVEY AMONG STUDENTS LIVING IN HOSTEL SETTINGS
The current research was carried out to check the relationship of adjustment problems of university students who are living in hostel setting. Furthermore, the study also highlighted its relationship on their quality of life. For that purpose, a sample of (N=140) students was collected by using convenience sampling technique. The overall study was quantitative in nature and a cross-sectional research design was used to carry out the study. The variables under study were quantified or assessed by using two scales. The adjustment problems of university hostel students were assessed by using College Adjustment Test (1990) developed by Pennebaker and Quality of Life was measured by using World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL). Both of measures were valid and reliable. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS. The results of the study revealed that overall adjustment levels were higher in male students as compared to female students. Similarly, the quality of life was disturbed in female hostel students. Conclusively, the results revealed that adjustment problems are correlated with quality of life. On the basis of results, it was revealed that females are more vulnerable and prone to adjustment issues in transitional challenges and have lower quality of life. Moreover, hostel life also imposed many responsibilities on student’s lives therefore the study suggested to address the factors associated with poor adjustment and low quality of life among students in order to improve their overall adjustment in hostel settings. Keywords: Adjustment Problems, Hostel Settings, Quality of Life.
Copyright (c) 2023 Alveera Akmal, Muhammad Sajjad, Bisma Akhlaq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING AND JOB SATISFACTION IN MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS
This study was an attempt to investigate the predictive relationship between psychological wellbeing, its 6 dimensions and job satisfaction in a purposive sample of 250 (125 male, 125 female) adults of ages between 35-45 years. The sample belonged to a number of professions (like doctors, teachers, bankers etc.). Psychological wellbeing scale (Ryff et al., 1995) and generic job satisfaction scale (Mcdonald et al., 1997) were administered on the sample. Pearson product moment correlation scores indicate that correlation between job satisfaction and psychological wellbeing was not significant. Also the correlations between various dimensions of psychological wellbeing and job satisfaction were not significant, except for environmental mastery that has a significant positive predictive relationship with psychological wellbeing. Keywords: Job satisfaction; Psychological wellbeing; Environmental Mastery.
Copyright (c) 2023 Farhan Kamrani, Asbah Zia, Saba Mumtaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GENDER-WISE ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY TEACHERS WORKING ONLINE DURING COVID-19
In Pakistan, a novel disease COVID-19 was transpired in 2019 that has been affected unexpectedly to everyone in different fields of life. The aim of this research was to explore gender differences in psycho-social challenges of university teachers during COVID-19. Likewise, other major aspects, educational sector had to shift its pedagogy from traditional learning to e-learning. This was a challenging and threatening to human life around the globe especially in the learning community. The main objective of the study is to explore experiences of teachers to develop an understanding of their work life challenges during pandemic, lockdown and online teaching. Considering the research goal, the data has been collected through in-depth interviews under the qualitative research paradigm. Twenty university faculty were interviewed, ten male teachers and ten female teachers from five private and five public institutes respectively. The data was analyzed through thematic analysis under the seven major themes i.e. Work Family conflict, Psychological issues, Social constraints, Technical issues, Uncertainty about Future, Gender roles, & Discipline wise challenges. The findings of the study showed that male and female teachers both faced work pressure and stress in professional lives during COVID. Female teachers in addition with their professional work were performing extra duties regarding household work, with less or in some cases zero domestic help. This study also showed that the common psychological effect of COVID-19 was stressful to meet job demands and accompanying fear of exposure to disease both in male and female teachers. However, fewer ratio of male and female teachers was affected socially, the only trouble was missing out on social gatherings which were put aside due to one’s own safety. Keywords: COVID, Work family conflict, Psychological issues, Social constraints, Technical issues, Gender roles, & Discipline.
Copyright (c) 2023 Aamna Ejaz, Samina Riaz, Kiran Ikram https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TRADITIONAL METHODS WITH COOPERATIVE AND ACTIVITY ORIENTED LEARNING IN TEACHING OF ENGLISH AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL
The focus of the study was to compare the Traditional methods with Cooperative and Activity oriented learning in teaching English at Secondary School Level. Titled Comparative StudyofTraditional Methods with Cooperative and Activity Oriented Learning in Teaching of English at the Secondary school Level. Three groups totaling 180 students participated, with two experimental groups and one control group. Pre-tests and post-tests were used to measure academic progress, and achievement tests assessed language skills. Cooperative learning and activity-based groups showed significantly higher post-test scores in multiple-choice questions, reading comprehension, and writing abilities compared to the control group. Furthermore, the research explored potential factors such as socioeconomic status and parents' education but found no significant differences in the effectiveness of teaching strategies based on these variables. The study recommends adopting cooperative learning methods like STAD and Think-Pair-Share to enhance English language learning, emphasizing the importance of interactive teaching strategies for better outcomes in English education at the secondary level. Keywords: Cooperative Learning Group, Group Work, Activity-Based teaching, Reading Comprehension, Secondary Education Level, Cooperative Learning, Traditional Learning.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hina Yaqoob, Khalid Rashid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MEDIA CONSUMPTION VS. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION AGENTS: FORMATION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY
Media and interpersonal agents form a person’s sense of belonging to a country. Previous research has confirmed that this formation is influenced by different factors, which might vary depending on how often a person uses media and how much interacts with others. Media and interpersonal agents form National Identity (NI) in different manners and to varied extent. The present study has proposed the model of the comparative degree of the influences of media and interpersonal agents on National Identity Formation (NIF) in Pakistan. The technique of PLS-SEM was applied to test the appropriateness of the model. The findings of the current study show that young people's national identities are influenced by their consumption of print, electronic, and other media, as well as by demographic factors like class, age, school, examination board, fees, father's education, mother's education, and mother's profession, as well as by interpersonal factors like parents who share similar tastes, conversations with peers, conversations with relatives, and interactions with relatives. Keywords: National Identity Formation; Media Consumption; Interpersonal Agents; Proposed Model of NI.
Copyright (c) 2023 Khalid Rashid , Bushra Hameedur Rehman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
‘Rational’ and ‘Irrational’ are two words in the philosophical diction which have been very confounding and controversial. For many philosophers, the philosophy of Plato is not only a great example of Idealism but also of rational thought. But for many philosophers it is not according to rational standards or even to standards of common sense. Kierkegaard is supposed to be the father and founder of Existentialism and his dissatisfaction towards reason, rationality and logic is quite obvious. Many great philosophers and thinkers like Schopenhauer, Bergeson, Nietzsche and Freud (the founder of Psycho Analysis) raised many serious questions about the validity of rational arguments and the importance of reason in the complete personality of a human being. The views of Karl R. Popper in this regard are very interesting. He is the strong upholder of Rationalism in Philosophy and Science but he does admit the limitations of a rational thought. This article is an attempt to understand the concept of a valid rational argument according to Karl R. Popper. Key Words: Rational, Irrational, A rational, Critical Rationalism, Uncritical or Comprehensive Rationalism.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Jawwad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EMPOWERING WOMEN THROUGH TECHNOLOGY: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF DIGITALIZATION ON DECISION-MAKING IN ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN
Women's Empowerment is a comprehensive and multidimensional idea. It is concerned with the economic, social, political, and other aspects of life. Because it is all-encompassing, it implies that all aspects of life must be empowered. Empowerment with regard to all dimensions of life apparently to be initiated simultaneously. Technological improvements have drastically shaken the status quo of several facets of women's lives in urban areas as compared to rural ones in the last decade in Pakistan.This research examines the influence of contemporary technology on women's decision-making Islamabad utilizing primary data inferred through quantitative methodology. The chances and challenges that women in the post-technological period encountered while making decisions were also noted in this study. According to this study, women feel more empowered to use technology to make decisions about certain issues they face as well as other issues. The study focuses on women's empowerment in Access to information, Financial management and Social communication decision-making. For immediate benefits, the study suggests that women in rural regions who have easy access to technology be made more aware of it. The study also recommends that the government support digital media, low-income training, ICT workshops, cultural inequality, infrastructure spending, and data protection laws. This will help close the gender equality gap and improve Pakistan's overall economic health as half of the population currently has little influence over decision-making. Keywords: Technology, Women's empowerment, Women’s descion making, Digitilization, Decsion making
Copyright (c) 2023 Kanwal Islam, Sheikh Waleed Rasool https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA HEALTH POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF SDG 3
This comprehensive study delves into the Health Policy of the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), evaluating its alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to provide inclusive and sustainable healthcare practices to the citizens of KPK. This research focuses on critical dimensions such as mortality rates, new hospitals, disaster management, health insurance, and accountability mechanisms. The research shows little improvement in neonatal and child mortality rates requiring interventions and maternal health initiatives in the shape of adequate healthcare infrastructure in various regions of the province. Moreover, the scarcity of paramedical staff and beds requires the expansion of infrastructure and strengthening of the workforce. This paper advocates several recommendations to address shortcomings and pave the path for sustainable development, including the extension of health insurance facilities to rural areas, creating a power accountability mechanism for efficient service delivery, and providing comprehensive disaster management training. Moreover, promoting “MADE IN PAKISTAN” products in the medical equipment field and using digital health technology is a key recommendation for this research to improve health accessibility. The integration of SDGs into the policymaking process can advance the KPK Government in healthcare services, leaving no one behind. This research contributes to the broader global efforts toward sustainable development, fostering a healthier and more prosperous future for the people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Keywords: KPK Health Policy, SDG 3, World Health Organization, Health Policy.
Copyright (c) 2023 Waqar Ali, Shiekh Waleed Rasool, Babar Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CONSTRUCTION OF HYBRID IDENTITY: A CRITICAL STUDY OF HANIF KUREISHI'S THE BUDHA OF SUBURBIA
This research article analyses the authorial perspective and self-reflection in Hanif Kureishi's first novel, The Buddha of Suburbia. The dominant discourses of ethnicity, race, class, and gender are examined in terms of their effects on the categories of subjectivity and identity. The analysis focuses on the novel's protagonist, Karim Amir, tracing his life journey and showing how his self-perception is shaped by forces beyond his control but is malleable thanks to his extraordinary skill of mimicry. Karim mimics white English mainstream society consciously as a way to find his place in society and unconsciously as a political gesture against the forces of colonialism, neocolonialism, and capitalism. Drawing on the work of theorists like Homi K. Bhabha, Stuart, Fanon and others, we see that Karim and his relatives are complex hybrids who question the assumptions underlying Cartesian concepts of identity and subjectivity. Keywords: subjectivity, identity, hybridity, mimicry, colonialism, neocolonialism, capitalism
Copyright (c) 2023 Malik Jawed Ahmed Khan, Waheed Ahmad Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERCEPTION OF TEACHERS ABOUT ONLINE TEACHING DURING COVID-19 AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDY HABIT IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
This study deals with “Perception of Teachers about Online Learning during COVID-19 and Development of Study Habits in Undergraduate Students” at the University of Education, D. G. Khan Campus, Ghazi University and Meer Chakar khan Rind university DG khan. The study investigates the number of students who received education during the Covid situation to fulfill their educational aspirations, which created new ways and means for students to explore the study material and the effect of online learning on students to share their views with other students during class discussion. This study shows advantages and disadvantages among students to verify the effectiveness of student learning. Students acquired new concepts using various applications through an online learning process under the supervision of teachers. This study shows the disadvantage of the students regarding the study habits that are disappearing from their core to show the study essence among the students. Students attempted final papers in the form of groups at home, which had a negative impact on students' studies. This study confirms that online learning has proven to be valuable for students in line with current knowledge trends. There are various studies on the effectiveness of online learning among students, but the findings of this study differ from other studies. The population of the study was "Teachers who teach Undergraduates" from Social Sciences including B.S Economics and B.Ed (Hons) and Natural Sciences in B.S Phy and B.S Chemistry. Survey method was adopted as the research instrument for data collection of this study. SPSS software was used for data analysis. This study will be useful in the future for all students who want to get education from various internet sources and get the essence of online learning through interest development. Keywords: COVID_19, Study habits, online teaching, E-learning.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Hashim, Abdul Rehman, Shahida Bibi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS IN PUNJAB-PAKISTAN
The present study highlighted extent of social support perceived available and explored factors which affected the availability of social support to people living with HIV/AIDS in Punjab, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was done on HIV patients registered with PACP. A sample of 420 patients was selected from two treatment centers conveniently. The majority of respondents had moderate to high-level support perceived available to them in overall social support as well as in all its forms (tangible, affective, emotional, social interaction). Gender showed a weak and inverse relationship with perceived social support. Age had a negative and nonsignificant relationship with social support, while education, employment status and monthly income had a positive and significant correlation with perceived social support. On the other hand, length of disease had negative and significant correlation with social support. Keywords: Social Support, HIV/AIDS, Tangible Support, Affective Support, Emotional Support, Positive Social Interaction.
Copyright (c) 2023 Tahira Shamshad, Mazhar Hussain Bhutta, Muhammad Adeel Kamran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TECHNOLOGY IN THE COURTS: FROM STORING AND GENERATING INFORMATION TO EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE
The present study intended to explore the various uses of modern technology in the courts and to advance the argument that the courts should use the literature produced in artificial intelligence and law to reasoning with judicial evidence. After deploying doctrinal research methodology, the present study found that the courts across the world used modern technology to store, process, generate and analyze judicial data. The current study also found that the use of modern technology in the courts resulted in improvement in communicating, storing, generating, processing, and analyzing the day to day judicial data. However, the present study found that the courts across the world in general and Pakistani courts in particular did not pay attention towards using the computer soft wares to reasoning with evidence. The present study argued that the Pakistani courts should use the literature produced in artificial intelligence and law to organize, display and reasoning with judicial evidence. It is expected that the present study will contribute in realizing the potential benefits of modern technology to reasoning with evidence which will improve the courts’ performance. Keywords: Reasoning with Evidence, Modern Technology, Bayesian Networks, Artificial Intelligence and Law.
Copyright (c) 2023 Aftab Sohail, Nasir Majeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PLOTTING THE LITERATURE ON SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION FROM 1971-2020: A SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS
This paper aimed to examine social work education, school social work, and social work curriculum employing scientometric analysis from 1971 to 2020. The purpose was to consolidate the documents on social work education in the science citation index and web of science database indexed publications. We extracted 4351 published documents and presented them in tables and figures to show the trend of data. The study findings showed that the major documents were published as articles and the language English was used. Similarly, the top keyword social work education, Univ. of Maryland top organization, and the United States was the top country. The name of Bogo M was at the top of the list of top twenty authors, top keyword school social work, and social work curriculum. Further, social work education was the top source of published documents and the top-cited article had 202 citations published in 2007. Keywords: Social Work Education, School Social Work, Social Work Curriculum, Scientometric Analysis.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Shoaib, Feroz Usmani, Farooq Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0