EDUCATION RETURNS AMID THE EMPLOYED AND THE SELF-EMPLOYED SECTORS: AN EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY

Authors

  • Hina Ali Department of Economics, The Women University Multan, Multan Pakistan.
  • Shakeela Kousar Department of Entrepreneurship & Innovation, Institute of Business Management & Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Pakistan
  • Zinaz Aisha Department of Economics, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women’s University Quetta. Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.455

Abstract

The primary function of this cram is to approximate possessions of education on income in Pakistan. The ARDL approach is functional for estimating the long-run and short-run association among the variables using annual data from 1980-2020. Apart from considering levels of education, factors such as income, secondary, tertiary, agriculture, and industry are contained in this paper. The consequences illustrate that charge of revisit in Pakistan is elevated and optimistic, particularly at the higher schooling level. There is also an essential indication of wage differential because the elevated rank of schooling will be the income of individuals in Pakistan. By industrial measures, we recommend that workers expect the maximum profits, in communal, personal, and then freelance workers. This teaching revisits an explanation in favor of the current behavior in enrollments. Hence, rising communal asset on the way to promote improved presence in fundamental teaching is not acceptable lying based on personal competence, except reserves to enhance education features to contain high confidential profits. Using high personal profits for postsecondary training, pupils in this stage must instruct how to regain supplementary of the civic expenses of teaching, which might be distributed differently to deprived ancestry throughout allowance. In this ARDL approach, we find that Agri, Sec_, and Sec_Gr have a negative relationship with income, while the other variables such as Ind, Sec_Ger, and Ter_Gr have a positive relationship with income.

Keywords: Education, ARDL Approach, Income, Agriculture, Industry, Secondary

Author Biographies

  • Hina Ali , Department of Economics, The Women University Multan, Multan Pakistan.

    Associate Professor

  • Shakeela Kousar, Department of Entrepreneurship & Innovation, Institute of Business Management & Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Pakistan

    Lecturer

     

  • Zinaz Aisha, Department of Economics, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women’s University Quetta. Pakistan

    Assistant Professor 

Additional Files

Published

2022-06-30

Issue

Vol. 4 No. 2 (2022): Pakistan Journal of Social Research PJSR

Section

Research Article

License

Copyright (c) 2022 Hina Ali , Shakeela Kousar, Zinaz Aisha

Creative Commons License

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How to Cite

[1]
“EDUCATION RETURNS AMID THE EMPLOYED AND THE SELF-EMPLOYED SECTORS: AN EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY”, Pak. J, Soc. Sci., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 85–98, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.455.